Understanding Cervical Cancer: Prevention and Early Detection

Cervical cancer begins in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus. Thanks to advances in prevention and early detection, the number of cervical cancer cases has dropped by more than half over the past few decades. Early detection through screening and vaccination has made a significant difference, allowing for better outcomes and a reduction in the overall number of cases.

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Risk Factors

The most significant risk factor for cervical cancer is infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV). While HPV is common and often clears up on its own, persistent infections can lead to changes in the cervix, raising the risk of cancer.

Additional risk factors for cervical cancer include:

  • Early sexual activity and having multiple sexual partners, or a partner who has had many sexual partners (though many women diagnosed with cervical cancer have had only one sexual partner).
  • Smoking, which weakens the immune system and can contribute to the development of cervical cancer.
  • A weakened immune system.
  • A history of chlamydia infection.
  • Long-term use of oral contraceptives.
  • Having three or more full-term pregnancies.
  • Giving birth before the age of 20.
  • Exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy, which is a synthetic estrogen previously prescribed to some women.

 

Prevention

While not all cervical cancers can be prevented, certain measures can help reduce the risk:

  • HPV Vaccination: Vaccines can protect against the types of HPV that cause cervical and other cancers. Vaccination is recommended for all children, regardless of gender, between ages 9 and 12. Unvaccinated individuals aged 13 through 26 should receive the vaccine as soon as possible. Vaccination is most effective when administered at the recommended ages but is still beneficial for individuals up to age 26.
  • Regular Screening: Regular cervical cancer screening, such as Pap tests and HPV testing, helps detect changes in the cervix that can lead to cancer. The American Cancer Society recommends that individuals with a cervix begin screening at age 25, with primary HPV testing every five years for those aged 25 to 65. If a primary HPV test is unavailable, a co-test (HPV and Pap) or a Pap test every three years is recommended. Consistent screening is crucial for early detection, even if there are no symptoms.
  • Quitting Tobacco: Avoiding tobacco use can help reduce the risk of cervical precancers and cancer.

 

Screening and Early Detection

Early detection through screening can find precancerous changes in the cervix before they develop into cancer. Regular screenings allow for timely intervention and can help prevent the development of cervical cancer.

Women over age 65 who have had regular cervical cancer screenings with normal results in the last 10 years generally do not need further testing. However, those with a history of serious cervical precancer should continue screening for at least 25 years after diagnosis, even beyond age 65.

If you’ve had a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus and cervix) for non-cancer reasons, screening is not required unless the surgery was performed to treat cervical cancer or precancerous cells.

Even if you’ve been vaccinated against HPV, it’s important to continue following the recommended screening schedule for your age group.

 

Signs and Symptoms

In the early stages, cervical cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms. As the cancer grows, however, common symptoms may include:

  • Abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding between periods, after sex, after menopause, or unusually heavy periods.
  • Unusual vaginal discharge, possibly tinged with blood.
  • Pelvic pain or pain during sexual intercourse.
  • If you notice any of these symptoms, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider for evaluation.

 

Treatment

Treatment for cervical cancer depends on several factors, including the stage of cancer, the type of cancer, and the individual’s overall health. It’s essential to discuss treatment options with your healthcare team to determine the best approach based on your personal circumstances.

 

Living with Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer can have a significant impact on physical, emotional, social, and financial well-being. Many people with cervical cancer face challenges throughout their journey, and it’s essential to have a strong support system in place.

Open communication with your healthcare provider is key. It’s essential to:

  • Discuss treatment goals
  • Manage side effects
  • Make informed decisions together
  • In addition to healthcare, emotional support plays a vital role in coping with cancer. Consider seeking support through:
  • Support groups
  • Counseling services
  • Close connections with family and friends

 

For more information about cervical cancer, prevention, and early detection, visit the American Cancer Society’s website at cancer.org/cancer/cervical-cancer.